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Try to make 500 comments without spamming.
ImYourFwend_
Try to make 500 comments without spamming. o(*￣▽￣*)ブ Our mission is to get 500 comments in this thread, let's go!
By: ImYourFwend_
By: ImYourFwend_
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I SPAM IT
hi ImYourFwend_
Hello? Hot dog rainy day in seven.
Hey, Vsauce. Michael here.
Down here.But which way is down?And how much does down weigh? Well, down weighs about a 100th of a gram per cubic centimeter.It is light and airy, which makes it a great source of insulation and buoyancy for water birds.But if you let go of down...It falls down.So that's which way down is.It's the direction gravity is pulling everything in.Now, for someone on the other side of the Earth, my down is their up.But where are falling things going? Why do things fall?Are they being pushed, or pulled, or is it because of time travel?First things first: let's turn the Sun into a black hole.We can do that using Universe Sandbox 2, this simulator will blow your mind. I love it.In fact, I love it so much I put a code to get the game for free in the current Curiosity Box.If you're not subscribed to the box yet, you are missing out!Okay, look, for the purposes of this video, we want the Solar System.And here it is. Notice that everything's moving pretty quickly around the Sun.That's because we currently have the game set so that every second that passes for us,is 14 days, almost, in the game.If I change this to one second,we're looking at the Solar System in real time.You'll notice that it almost looks like it's frozen.Even though the earth is traveling around the Sun at about 30 km/s, it barely appears to be moving.That is how vast space is. Anyway, let's go back to 14 daysI like that motion. Now look at the SunIt is not, currently, a black hole, but we can change that. What we need to do is compress the Sun.So let's lock its mass so that it doesn't change while we make its radius smaller.Let's make its radius as small as we can.And, oh, where'd it go? Well it's still there, it's just become a black hole.Pretty spooky, but now, let's look at the rest of the Solar System.Alright, zooming out and-huh.Nothing's... changed. I mean something's changed.It's colder and darker, but nothing's flying off into space or getting sucked in.You see, by shrinking the Sun, we didn't change the direction of down for the planets.They're always being pulled by gravity towards its middle and making it smaller didn't move where the middle was.But also, the strength of that force pulling them to the middle of the sun stayed the same.That gives us a clue as to what down is.The clue is the other thing we didn't change: mass.Mass is a measure of how hard it is to accelerate something; to change its motion.Now right now, these two balls have zero motion relative to me.Slapping around this hollow plastic ballis pretty easy, but doing the same to this solid steel ballis a lot harder.Now gravity and weight have nothing to do with this.Gravity acts downward, not against my horizontal slapping.Of course, gravity does contribute to friction, but friction works against me when I start moving the ball,but works with me when I stop the ball.And the steel ball is harder to stop than the plastic ball.The difference is mass. The steel ball is more massiveIt's more resistant to having its motion changed.Mass is an intrinsic property; it does not depend on what's around or change from place to place.It can sometimes be thought of as the amount of matter something has.Your mass is the same regardless of where you are.On the moon, on earth, in the middle of intergalactic space floating around.But all of this said, mass does seem to care about what's around.Mass loves company.Things with mass and/or energy are attracted together by a force that we call gravity.The feeling of gravity is just you and the earth being attracted to one another.Now every portion of an object with mass attracts other portions towards it.The average of all this pulling is an attraction between centers of mass.Giant things like Earth exert an obvious pull, but everything does. Even a baseball.These two baseballs are attracted together by their own gravities.Except their masses are so small, the force is minuscule, and it can't overcome friction or push air out of the way.They're never gonna come togetherBut if you put two baseballs one meter apart in the middle of empty space where no other forces could act on themThey would literally fall together and collide.It would take three days to happen, but it would.Isaac Newton found that the strength of the force bringing two things together is equal to the product of their massesDivided by the distance between their centers of mass squared times big G, the gravitational constant.If you make one of two objects more massive, or move them closer together, the force will bestronger and this force of attraction is what we call weightSo mass is intrinsic, whereas weight depends on what's around.Now, a weird thing happens when you weigh yourself on most scales.Weight is a force, but scales display pounds or kilograms,which are units of mass.What's going on is that a scale isactivated by a force.Any force.It doesn't have to be caused by gravity. The scale then displays what amount of massnear the surface of the earth would be attracted to the earth with the force it's detecting.Now since scales tend to be used on the surface of the earth, by people, on which the only force acting is gravity,they tend to not be very far off. But they can be easily tricked, and they further lead to the confusion between mass and weight.Notice that weight is mutual. You are pulled down by earth with the same force that you pull up on earth.According to a scale, I weigh180 pounds on earth..And the earth weighs 180 pounds on me.But because the Earth's mass is so much greater than my own, andbecause the more massive something is, the more it resists being moved, ourequal and opposite weight forces accelerate me a lot more than the earth.If you drop a pencil from a height of 6 feet, the pencil doesn't just fall to the earth. More precisely,they both come together.They're attracted to each other by equal forcesbut the same force moves the pencil alot more than the earth. When you let go of the pencil, the earth is literally pulled upto the pencil by the pencil's own gravity, a distance equal to about 9 trillionthsthe width of a proton. Thatsame force moves the pencil the remaining distance, which is still pretty much six feet.At the height of the International Space Station's orbit, you and earth are attracted about10% less than when you're on the surface; about eight point eight times your mass, but not zero.For this reason, weightless astronauts in zero gravity are neither weightless, nor in zero gravity.Their weight force fails to bring them and earth together, because they move horizontallyso quickly that they fall just as fast as Earth's surface curves away from them.And even though they're experiencing 90 percent of the gravity you and I are feeling right now,(That's why they don't just fly away)There are no forces, called g-forces, to resist their weight, since everything around them is falling too.It's resistance to your weight force, stress,deformation, that is needed for you to feel weight. What astronauts in orbit actually lack isapparent weight.Likewise, a helium balloon has weight.I mean, it's made out of matter it clearly has mass, so it's attracted to the earth.Let's try to measure its weight force.Okay, it has negative apparent weight.That's because its attraction to the earth is weaker than the buoyant forces from the air around it that push it up.Now, while it moves up,It pushes air molecules down, but they transfer that force widely. Not just directly down onto the scale.Buoyant forces are caused by the fact that whenever you are immersed in a fluid like water or air,molecules lower down are at greater pressure.They're being pressed by the weight of all the moleculesabove them and are closer to earth, so they're pulled to it with a stronger force. Now having greater pressuremeans they pack a bigger punch when they collide with things.So,horizontally, those collisions cancel out,but vertically, the stronger collisions from below win out, providing lift, a buoyant force.This even happens on your own body. Across its surface area air lifts you with the force of about oneNewton, which is equal to the weight force of an apple. So if you weighed yourself in a vacuum you would weigh aboutthis much more.But that's not all Earth's spin causes it to bulge at the equator so the closer you are to itThe further you are from Earth's center of mass and the less your actual gravitational weight will be down isAlways changing, I meanwhere is Earth's center of mass? It would always be the same as Earth's geometric middle if Earth'scomposition was uniform, but earth contains pockets of massive rock at different depths water mountainsIt's got moving changing insides and air and seasonal ice and though they're far awayGravity extends forever from everything so the moon the Sun the planets all of them pull on younegligibly,But truly. You weigh about a millionth of your weight less when the moon is directly above youThis chunky shifting balance of material on earth and ever where else in the universe means that down isalwayschanging on top of that Earth's spinSkews what you consider the direction of down away from its center of mass because the push you get from Earth's spinSeems to slightly lift you reducing your apparent weight and bending downtowards the equatorThe net result is an apparent weight reduction at the equator of about half of a percent if a scale guesses your mass must be200 pounds at the poles it'll guess that you're199 at the equator. The 9.8Multiplier used so often in physics is calculated based on how these factors affect someone at 45 degrees latitudeall of these influences on the direction of down result in a total vertical deflection.That's only ever at most a few arc seconds anywhere on earthThat's not enough to be felt, but changes in direction and strength can be used to study the shape of the seafloorDetermine what's under you or even help you discover ancient buried rooms?Point is all of our downs aren't a bunch of radially symmetric linesDown is an uncombed mess.Now since solids don't flow they can have shapes that don't pay much mind to this but water canFlow so ignoring influences like wind and tides the surface of oceans and lakes and puddles is always perpendicularTo down if water could pass through land, or if earth were submerged in waterGravity would be the same everywhere along its bumpy surfaceSuch a surface is called a geoid and can be drawn at any altitudeIf you wanted to build a table that completely enclosed the earth it would have to have rolling undulationZ' nearly 100 meters at some points in order to beLevel so that a ball placed anywhere on it wouldn't rollHere is Earth's G. I exaggerated a thousand timesYou'd weigh about a hundredth of a percent less a few grams here?Then you would say here where gravity is a bit stronger point is the strength and directionDown is variable by location and changes over timeSo down is a fluctuating vector easy enough except?Why should matter attract matter in the first place?Isaac Newton was able to describe attraction, but not explain ithumanity got closer however when Albert Einstein introduced his general theory of relativityEinstein thought a lot about the fact that everything falls to the groundAt the same rate no matterHow massive something is when dropped it will accelerate towards the earth down gaining about 9.8Meters per second for every second that it falls. That means that a hammerThat's quite massive, and a not so massive feather when dropped from the same height will hit the ground at the same timeOkay, what just happened...was an "air"ror.awkward laughIn order to fall through air a thing has to push air out of the wayBut if it has a large surface area and a low weight force it will have a lot of air to moveBut won't be able to move that air very quickly. In a vacuum, things do fall at the same rate regardlessOf mass. This was famously demonstrated by Apollo 15 commander David Scott on the moonAnd I'll, uh, drop the two of them here and hopefully, they'll hit the ground at the same time.How 'bout that?That's weird right? I mean if a more massive object is pulled with a greater forceShouldn't it fall faster? Well Newton's explanation was simple:Larger masses are attracted with greater forcesBut will also require more force to be accelerated the same as a less massive thingSomething a hundred times more massive might require a hundred times the force, but it will be pulled by gravity100 times more so everything falls to earth at the same rateWhat a fun coincidence right?Maybe notEinstein realized that there's another way for things to appear to fall togetherof their massesImagine a feather and a hammer floating in space in a room if the room is suddenly accelerated up at 9.8M/s^2 the feather and the hammer will hit the floor at the same timefurthermore whether it's the room coming up to meet them or gravity being suddenly switched onNeither object will feel any force pushing themThere's no way to tell which of these happen. This is Einstein's famousequivalence principleHe once admitted that his greatest thought ever was that of a manfalling off of a roofWhile falling the man would not feel any forces on him even though. He's speeding upfreefall isIndistinguishable from floating alone in space from having no forces on you from not being movedWhat if gravity isn't a force at all what if things fall not because they're being pushed or pulledBut because they're not being pushed or pullTo see how this could be we need to talk about straight linesWhat I have here is a retractable ID badge holderThis is a great way to test for straight pathsBecause the string is always kept taut the cardI have behind has two lines drawn on itAnd if while I pull the string out it always stays between those two linesI will know that I never turnedWhile I pulled it because any turn will translate into a different angle between the lines on the card and the stringNow if I put two of these on a flat table and pull them out, always ensuring that they go straight aheadThey will never meet. They will be forever parallel, but now let's put them on a sphere a curved surfaceAgain, I pull both strings forward making sure that they always are pulled out straight. No turningWait they came togetherWell, they didn't turn lookMaybe there's some kind of weird force that pulled my hands together and just like gravity. I didn't feel it, but it happenedNoWhat happened was not the result of a force it was just a natural result of?Curvature you might be thinking wait a second are those really straight lines. I mean they don't look that straight to meAlso, what if they've just moved along latitude lines then they've never come together and those look pretty darn straightBut they're not a straight line never turns and although latitude lines look straight at first glancefollowing one requiresTurning to find straight line paths on surfaces whether they're flat like this or curvedI love the ribbon test. Now you can use an actual ribbonBut I have found that a strip of paper works. Even better. Let's take a look at this path right hereIt's straight at first, but then it curves now if two people are traveling along this curveAnd they want to stay together the person on the inside will have to cover a shorter distance than the person on the outsideSince both sides of this strip of paper cannot change their lengthsThey'll help us find a straight path if the strip of paper can lay flatWe'll know that we have found a straight line and as you can seeThe strip can lay flat and follow the straight part of this pathBut when it comes to the curve in order to follow the path nowThe strip well it has too much material on the inside and that materialBunches up and leaves the plane therefore we know that this part of the path is not straightLet's use the ribbon test to find straight lines on the surface of a coneWell from the looks of it aligned directly from the base to the tip seems like it would be straight and sure enoughYeah, the ribbon lays flat on that path, but what about a ring around the cone?Nope doesn't work shorter distances around nearer the tip of the cone mean that there's too much ribbon up at the topSo doesn't lay flatLet's see what else is there though besides this well if I start here and just allow the ribbonto lay flatHuh I get a little curvy looking shape like thisI say curvy looking because while to someone say at the base this path might seem to go upSlow down change direction and then fall down faster and faster since a ribbon on such a path is flatIt's actually for inhabitants on the cones surfacePerfectly straight if we trace the ribbons path on to the coneWe can see this clearly because a cone can be flattened a straight line on a curved surface is called a geodesicHere is a geodesic on a sphere the Equator is oneHere's another a line of latitude is not a geodesicIt's not a straight line to see why let's try to follow it with the ribbon youKnow what I have to keep kind of lifting itYeah, see distances around the sphere becomes shorter as we go upSo there's too much material on the ribbon up hereand it leaves the surface this path contains turns and in order to turn aForce has to act on you if no forcesDid this is the path you would take notice that the ribbon begins moving due east, but then fallssouthFallsEinstein realized that curvature could cause things to be seemingly attracted to one anotherWithout needing to invent the existence of forces like gravitybut attraction only happens if things move along the surface if they stay still theyWell, they don't come together so for something at rest. How does falling begin?I mean the thing has to move in this direction, but it's at rest right wellYesBut it's only at rest in space and that's not the whole story up downForward backward and left-right are all you need to describe where an event occur but a complete description will also need to describeWhen together these four dimensions form the setting in which everything in our universe happensSpace-timeSince we can talk about a falling pencil using just one spatial dimension up and down we can use a piece of paper to modelSpace-time for it. Okay, so we've got up and down, but we have to add anotherdirection the pencil moves intimeNow if no forces act on the pencil it won't move through spaceIt will only get older and as you can see if all it does is get olderIt won't fall if space-time was flat when I let go of the pencilit wouldn't go anywhere, but now let's allow the earth which is massive to manipulate space-time into say aconeNow with no forces acting on it every part of the pencil follows a straight lineBut on a cone as we saw earlier such a path will look like this it will fallThis is because distances around the cone are shorter higher upTime runs faster further from a massive object, but to go straightNot turn every part of the pencil must cover an equal distance in space-timelike thisOnly when the pencil hits the earth does the repulsion of their mutual electrons provide a force pushing the pencil off a geodesicFor the earth time is a series of slices from this evolution the pencils force-freeGeodesic is why it falls not a push or pull just the pencils natural tendency to follow a straight lineUntil something acts on it now. We only used one dimension of space and one of time becauseVisualizing our universes three of space and one of time would take us beyond the limits of what could be shown on paper or screensbut mathCan take us thereGeneral relativity allows us to calculate how much mass and energyCurved space-time and has been used to explain things that Newton's older theory of falling as the result ofForces couldn't like anomalies in the orbit of mercury which orbits nearest the Sun and is therefore most affected by the sun's grip onspace-time many other experiments have confirmed general relativity's picture of the universe fitting the conclusion thatThere is noGravity there's justSpace-time its curvature and a us in it. As John Wheeler famously put itSpace-time grips mass telling it how to move mass grips space-time telling it how to curve?Relative to the earth we don't move very fast even jet airplanes move negligibly close to the speed of lightSo relative to earth we move almostExclusively through time as such we are more affected by the way time is curved by massThan how space is curved?This has led many to claim that for the most part you feel as though you're being pushed into the groundNot because of a force called gravityBut because time is moving faster for your head than for your feet down isRelative and always changing, but it exists because of and is always in the direction of slower timeBertrand Russell called this the law of cosmic lazinessEverything is naturally steered towards where time is slowest we call this fallinggoing downSo you don't have to keep anything on the down-lowtime will take care of that for you andand as alwaysThanks for watchingRemember that you can support Vsauce and Alzheimer's research by subscribing to the Vsaucecuriosity box the current one comes with a code to get a free copy of universe sandbox 2Which is amazing and a whole host of other science toys and tools picked by myself Jake and KevinI love it all so I hope to see you at brain candy live. We are coming to many many cities very soonHopefully one near you by going to the show you can see AdamAnd I doing things that will you may not have seen us do before we also explore the science and commonmisconceptions behind all things
Err. Maybe have said too much. Maybe not I hope to see you there and as always thanks for watching
bruh you posted whole vsauce video, that takes determination, have a cookie 🍪
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That potato was a flange. 41, 824. A narwhal horn is too red as weather is greater than pudding. Fifty sheet auto doc feeder.
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Vote Egg Guardian for mayor!
pizza
I'm just making a bunch of weird comments, how you doing?
good, and you?
Doing fine! Just spending my time making useless comments
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